Ophthalmology – Introduction
Ophthalmic emergencies, though sometimes subtle in presentation, require rapid recognition and decisive management to prevent permanent visual loss. For the MRCEM SBA exam, ophthalmology is a core and frequently tested domain, as many eye conditions present first to the Emergency Department.
Candidates are expected to understand the initial assessment of the red, painful, or suddenly blind eye, identify sight-threatening conditions such as acute angle-closure glaucoma, central retinal artery occlusion, orbital cellulitis, and temporal arteritis, and distinguish these from benign causes like conjunctivitis or subconjunctival haemorrhage.
This chapter provides concise, RCEM- and NICE-aligned guidance on the assessment, diagnosis, and management of common and critical eye presentations.
For the SBA exam, focus on differentiating painful vs. painless visual loss, recognising patterns of cranial nerve involvement, and interpreting key clinical clues that point to time-sensitive ophthalmic diagnoses.
Mastering ophthalmic emergencies will enhance both exam success and real-world clinical safety, ensuring confident, sight-saving decision-making in the Emergency Department.